《出师表》英文翻译及原文

Introduction

\"The Memorial on Presenting My Advice to the Throne\" or \"The Memorial on Peerless Courage\" is a historical text that was written in 228 by Zhuge Liang, a famous statesman and strategist in the Three Kingdoms period of China. It was addressed to Liu Bei, his lord, as a formal advice for the upcoming military campaign against Cao Cao, who was about to launch an invasion. This article is a translation of \"The Memorial on Presenting My Advice to the Throne\" into English.

Translation of \"The Memorial on Presenting My Advice to the Throne\"

My lord, you are about to set forth to avenge the wrongs which yourself and the late Emperor have suffered. Your soldiers are few in number, and those of the enemy are many. The wise general, when he lays plans, must consider how numbers may be made to compensate for lack of equipment, and how courage may be substituted for lack of numbers.

The enemy is flushed with victory and has occupied every strategic point. Any tactical error on our part will result in defeat. Therefore, I, your servant, have ventured to propose a scheme which I hope will permit us to overcome the enemy without bloodshed.

It has been said, \"Invincibility lies in the defense; the possibility of victory in the attack.\" Now, the enemy is currently in occupation of Jing Province. If we attack, we will have to do so from a great distance, across several rivers and mountains, and risk exposing ourselves to the enemy's fire. On the other hand, if we stay on the defense, the enemy will gradually wear himself out in front of our walls. Therefore, my proposal is as follows: We should send out messengers to boast of our strength and perfect our military formations, but we should not take the initiative to attack. Instead, we should wait for the enemy to come to us. Once they have advanced far enough into the province, we will engage them in a surprise attack, striking them with our full strength while they are unprepared. At that point, their lines will break, and the entire force can be destroyed in one swoop.

I realize that this may seem excessively cautious, but I respectfully beg to remind you, my lord, of the ancient injunction, \"To be forewarned is to be forearmed.\" Without proper preparation and planning, we will surely fail. I pray that you will accept my humble advice.

Yours sincerely,
Kongming

Original Text of \"The Memorial on Presenting My Advice to the Throne\"

亮言：初平元年春正月，蜀人杨仪上表于先帝曰：臣杨仪言：先帝创业未半，而中道崩殂，今天下三分，益州疲弊，此诚危急存亡之秋也。

然侍卫之臣不懈于内，忠志之士忘身于外者，盖追先帝之殊遇，欲报之于陛下也。

诚宜开张圣听，以光先帝遗德，恢弘志士之气，不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失义，以塞忠谏之路也。

宫中府中，俱为一体，陟罚臧否，不宜异同。若有作奸犯科及为忠善者，宜付有司论其刑，以昭陛下平明之治，不宜偏私，使内外异法也。

侍中、侍郎郭攸之、费祎、董允等，此皆良实，志虑忠纯，是以先帝简任以殿选之任，恢弘志士之量，不宜以简从宦官之列，优亲厚友之类，以阿私固阔之人也。

今当攘方益州，以振中华，当奖异类，以定众心，应弭伏尤，以开威福。必先躬自厉，而后人可厉。先厉之，而后人可与之厉。

朕以险阻艰难，受任于前傅，奄有四方之权，而卒躬耕于岷、江之间，苟利国家，不顾死亡。卒葬于江左，非所望也。

至于成败之际，细悉如何，本末倒置，以先帝自居悠悠之志，忘其身后之名。诚宜见容纳之，以养其志，不以其黜，使自滥其能，故郭、程、马、黄、张、李、郑、滕、何、曹、钟，此数人者，皆当世才也。况圣人之前，世无其人，独当代之而尔优游自逸邪？虽千万人吾往矣。

以陛下之明哲聪敏，而遭时、不逢时，奇器利不能尽用，权衡 discren不能至任。此皆因人而异也。

请尊自明德，以养志气。待四方之民，以方策之。授官不以才亲，以德为本。退有所依，不可只眷属交游之士也，以防乱政之扰也。

宠私所至，必有代价。陛下亦宜自谨，以莅典则不兴于昏乱矣。

臣以为陛下当根据天下为重，因时用权，宽纵四海，以奉先帝遗德，恢弘志士之量，塞忠谏之路，这样将来的陛下必定站在先帝的位置上，成为一个名垂青史的君主。此臣之所以疑陛下必能拱卫中兴，保全先基，而树功来久也。

Conclusion

\"The Memorial on Presenting My Advice to the Throne\" by Zhuge Liang is a great example of Chinese classical literature. It not only illustrates the military strategy and tactics of ancient China, but also reflects the character and wisdom of the author, who was respected as a saint in Chinese culture. This translation provides an English version of the text, which can help people around the world to better understand Chinese history and culture.